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Overview

Encoding is always a pain for developers. Without being extra careful, it iseasy to end up with incorrect characters in the software. I thought that usingUTF-8 everywhere in the codebase can avoid such cases. It works fine for most ofthe time, but when integrating files from another system, we need moreskills. This happened to me when writing my finance script: I need to readcsv files downloaded from banks, which are all encoded as ISO-8859-1. That’s whyI want to write this post.

After reading this article, you will understand:

• What is ISO-8859-1?
• Text editor and IDE support
• Character mapping between ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8
• Decode bytes to string
• Encode string to bytes
• Detect file encoding and read content

Examples are written in Python 3.7 and Java 8.

ISO-8859-1

ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part of theISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first editionpublished in 1987. ISO 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as “Latin alphabet no.1,” consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encodingscheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much ofAfrica. It is also commonly used in most standard romanizations of East-Asianlanguages. It is the basis for most popular 8-bit character sets and the firstblock of characters in Unicode. – From Wikipedia

Who uses ISO-8859-1? From my own experience, industries like bank and telecomuse this encoding. I suppose that it is because the databases were created whenISO-8859-1 was popular, and the migration to UTF-8 is difficult.

When reading an ISO-8859-1 encoded content as UTF-8, you will often see �, thereplacement character (U+FFFD) for an unknown, unrecognized or unrepresentablecharacter. Drivers para adaptador usb inalambrico amper telefonica.

Text Editor / IDE Support

Different text editors and IDEs have support for encoding: both for the displayencoding, and changing the file encoding itself. Here’re two examples fromVisual Code and IntelliJ IDEA.

Visual Code:

IntelliJ IDEA:

Character Mapping

The characters in string is encoded in different manners in ISO-8859-1 andUTF-8. Behind the screen, string is encoded as byte array, where each characteris represented by a char sequence. In ISO-8859-1, each character uses one byte;in UTF-8, each character uses multiple bytes (1-4). Here, I would like to showyou an excerpt of character mapping via a simple Python script:

Why should you care about this mapping? This mapping helps you to understand whichencoding should be used for decode. If you see byte 0xEF (ï), you shouldprobably consider using ISO-8859-1.

Decode Bytes to String

In the following sections, we will talk about decode and encode byte array.Before going further, let’s take a look how it works. When performing “decode”operation to a byte array using a given (or default) encoding, we create astring. When performing “encode” operation to a string using a given (ordefault) encoding, we create a byte array. Here’s the flow:

Decode in Python 3

Decode byte array in Python 3 (Python Shell 3.7.2):

If the decode operation is called using an incorrect encoding, an error israised:

Decode in Java 8

Decode byte array in Java 8 (Java Shell 11.0.2):

Encode String to Bytes

When performing “encode” operation to a string, we create a byte array:

Encode in Python 3

Encode string to byte array in Python 3 (Python Shell 3.7.2):

Encode in Java 8

Encode string to byte array in Java 8 (Java Shell 11.0.2):

File I/O

File operations is literally the same as bytes-string conversion. Because filecontent are bytes. Therefore, the flow that we saw previously is still valid:

Before specifying the encoding for file I/O operations, it’s important tounderstand how to file is encoded. It’s seems obvious, but sometime we mightforget to do it. There’re several ways to “detect” it:

1. Use utility file with option MIME encoding (--mime-encoding)
2. Use cat to print the content in terminal, see if replace character � (U+FFFD) is printed. If yes, you probably need to specify the encoding for file I/O.
3. Use xxd to make a hex dump of this file.

For example, I have a txt file called iso-8859-1.txt. I can check its encodingusing the tricks mentioned above.

Note that when using xxd, the hexadecimal presentation is shown. For example,character ‘ç’ from word “reçu” is shown as e7.

File I/O in Python 3

You can use the optional parameter “encoding” to precise the encoding that youneed to do I/O operations to the file.

If not given, it defaults to a platform dependent value. According tobultins.py:

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encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode thefile. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding isplatform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can bepassed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.

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File I/O in Java 8

I often use the utility methods available in class java.nio.file.Files.For example, reading all lines from a txt file txt can be done as follows.If the charset is not given, method Files#readAllLines(Path) use UTF-8 as thedefault charset.

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Read content as bytes is possible, too. In this case, we read the file withoutprecising the encoding. Then, you can chose the charset when converting bytearray to string, as mentioned in the previous section.

Conclusion

In this article, we saw the character mapping between ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8; theencoding option in some editors; decode bytes to string; encode string to bytes;and some file I/O operations in Python and Java.Hope you enjoy this article, see you the next time!

References

• “ISO/IEC 8859-1”, Wikipedia, 2019.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1
• “Specials (Unicode block)”, Wikipedia, 2019.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)
• “UTF-8”, Wikipedia, 2019.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
• Erickson, “How do I convert between ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8 in Java?”,Stack Overflow, 2009.https://stackoverflow.com/a/652368
• Fedor Gogolev, “Print s string as hex bytes?”, Stack Overflow, 2012.https://stackoverflow.com/a/12214880
• TheWebGuy, “Get encoding of a file in Windows”, Stack Overflow, 2010.https://stackoverflow.com/q/3710374
• “Class Files (Java Platform SE 8)”, Oracle, 2018.https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/file/Files.html